Hidden beyond the majestic Annapurna and Dhaulagiri ranges lies one of the most mysterious and culturally rich regions of Nepal — Upper Mustang. Known as the “Last Forbidden Kingdom,” this remote land was closed to outsiders until 1992, preserving its ancient Tibetan culture, arid landscapes, and timeless traditions.
The Upper Mustang Trek offers more than just a journey through rugged mountain trails; it’s a journey back in time. Here, travelers walk through medieval villages, visit centuries-old monasteries, and experience the unspoiled beauty of a region that feels completely different from the rest of Nepal.
For those seeking adventure, spirituality, and authenticity, the Upper Mustang Trek stands as one of the most remarkable treks in the Himalayas.
Where Is the Upper Mustang?
Upper Mustang lies in the rain shadow of the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri ranges in north-central Nepal, bordering Tibet (China). Because of its high altitude (3,000–4,000 meters) and arid climate, it is often referred to as part of the Trans-Himalayan region — a stark contrast to the lush green valleys of other trekking areas in Nepal.
The region is divided into Lower Mustang and Upper Mustang, with the latter requiring a special restricted area permit due to its sensitive cultural and geopolitical location.
The walled city of Lo Manthang, the ancient capital of the Mustang Kingdom, is the crown jewel of this trek — a place where Tibetan culture and architecture have remained remarkably intact for centuries.
Why Choose the Upper Mustang Trek?
The Upper Mustang Trek offers a one-of-a-kind blend of natural beauty, cultural depth, and adventure. Here’s why trekkers from around the world consider it a must-do Himalayan experience:
- Unique Tibetan Culture: Upper Mustang shares deep cultural and spiritual ties with Tibet. Monasteries, chortens, mani walls, and ancient caves reflect centuries-old Buddhist traditions.
- Desert-Like Landscape: The region’s red cliffs, eroded canyons, and windswept plateaus resemble the landscapes of Tibet more than the typical green valleys of Nepal.
- Historical Significance: Once part of an independent kingdom, Mustang was a vital trade route between Nepal and Tibet. Its ancient capital, Lo Manthang, still preserves royal palaces and monasteries from the 15th century.
- Rain Shadow Advantage: Because Mustang lies in a dry zone, it’s one of the few trekking regions in Nepal that can be explored even during the monsoon season (June–August).
- Cultural Festivals: The region hosts vibrant festivals like Tiji, featuring masked dances and ancient rituals performed by Buddhist monks.
Route and Itinerary: A Journey Through the Lost Kingdom
The Upper Mustang Trek typically takes 14–17 days, starting from Jomsom — which is reached by a scenic flight from Pokhara. The trail follows the Kali Gandaki River, passing through striking landscapes, remote villages, and monasteries, all the way to Lo Manthang.
Here’s a detailed 14-day sample itinerary:
Day 1: Arrival in Kathmandu (1,400 m)
Arrive in Nepal’s capital, prepare permits, and enjoy sightseeing around heritage sites like Pashupatinath, Boudhanath, and Durbar Square.
Day 2: Drive or Fly to Pokhara (820 m)
Travel to the scenic lakeside city of Pokhara — the gateway to the Annapurna region.
Day 3: Fly to Jomsom (2,720 m), Trek to Kagbeni (2,810 m)
A short yet breathtaking flight over the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri ranges takes you to Jomsom. From there, trek to Kagbeni, the official entry point to Upper Mustang.
Day 4: Kagbeni to Chele (3,050 m)
Walk along the Kali Gandaki River, passing ancient caves carved into cliffs and small settlements surrounded by barren hills.
Day 5: Chele to Syangboche (3,800 m)
Ascend through rugged terrain and high passes, with incredible views of Nilgiri and Annapurna peaks.
Day 6: Syangboche to Ghami (3,520 m)
Cross ridges and descend into the picturesque village of Ghami, known for its red cliffs and long mani walls.
Day 7: Ghami to Tsarang (3,560 m)
Visit the Tsarang Monastery and explore the old palace, filled with Buddhist murals and ancient artifacts.
Day 8: Tsarang to Lo Manthang (3,840 m)
Reach the walled city of Lo Manthang, the cultural and historical heart of Upper Mustang. Explore the King’s Palace, monasteries, and narrow alleyways that seem frozen in time.
Day 9: Exploration Day in Lo Manthang
Visit Namgyal Gompa, Tingkhar Village, and the mysterious Chhoser Cave, once used by monks for meditation and ancient burial rituals.
Day 10: Lo Manthang to Dhakmar (3,820 m)
Take a scenic route back through Dhakmar, known for its crimson cliffs and dramatic rock formations.
Day 11: Dhakmar to Syangboche
Descend gradually, retracing the trail through small settlements surrounded by barren beauty.
Day 12: Syangboche to Chhusang
Walk through desert-like valleys and enjoy panoramic mountain views as you descend.
Day 13: Chhusang to Jomsom
Complete your trek and relax in Jomsom, celebrating your journey through one of the most extraordinary landscapes in Nepal.
Day 14: Fly back to Pokhara / Drive to Kathmandu
Return to Pokhara or Kathmandu, marking the end of your Upper Mustang adventure.
Permits and Regulations
Because of its cultural sensitivity and restricted status, trekkers must obtain special permits:
- Restricted Area Permit (RAP): USD 500 per person for the first 10 days, then USD 50 per day afterward.
- Annapurna Conservation Area Permit (ACAP): NPR 3,000 (about USD 25).
- Trekkers must be in a group of at least two and accompanied by a licensed guide.
These regulations help preserve the region’s unique culture and environment while ensuring the safety of travelers.
Best Time for the Upper Mustang Trek
One of the great advantages of the Upper Mustang Trek is that it can be done almost year-round, thanks to its dry climate.
- Best Season: April to October — warm temperatures, clear skies, and colorful landscapes.
- Monsoon Season (June–August): Ideal here, as the region lies in the rain shadow — unlike other parts of Nepal.
- Winter (December–February): Cold and challenging, but offers solitude and crystal-clear mountain views.
Difficulty and Preparation
The Upper Mustang Trek is graded moderate. There are no technical climbs, but the terrain is rugged, and some days involve 6–8 hours of walking at high altitude (above 3,500 m).
Physical preparation should include:
- Regular hiking or jogging 6–8 weeks before the trek.
- Strength and endurance training.
- Proper acclimatization and hydration during the trek.
Altitude sickness is uncommon but possible; trekkers should ascend gradually and listen to their guides.
Accommodation and Food
Along the trail, trekkers stay in teahouses or guesthouses, offering simple yet comfortable lodging. Rooms usually include twin beds, warm blankets, and shared bathrooms.
Meals are prepared with local ingredients — expect dal bhat (rice and lentils), Tibetan bread, soups, noodles, and even yak-based dishes. Tea, coffee, and safe drinking water are available in most villages.
Electricity and Wi-Fi are available in select areas, but power outages are common — bringing a power bank or solar charger is recommended.
Culture and People of Upper Mustang
The people of Upper Mustang are primarily of Tibetan origin, following ancient Buddhist traditions. Their lifestyle revolves around agriculture, animal herding, and spiritual practice.
The region is dotted with Gompas (monasteries), Chortens, and Mani walls inscribed with Buddhist prayers. The local architecture — whitewashed houses with flat roofs and red-painted monasteries — reflects Tibetan influence and centuries-old craftsmanship.
One of the most fascinating events in Upper Mustang is the Tiji Festival, celebrated annually in Lo Manthang. This three-day festival features masked dances, music, and rituals symbolizing the triumph of good over evil — a spectacular glimpse into Mustang’s living heritage.
Why the Upper Mustang Trek Is Truly Special
Unlike other treks in Nepal, the Upper Mustang Trek is more than a physical journey — it’s a cultural pilgrimage. You’ll walk through landscapes that resemble the moon, meet people who still live by ancient traditions, and witness a way of life untouched by modernity.
Every step through Mustang feels sacred, every monastery echoes with history, and every view leaves you humbled by nature’s grandeur.
This trek is ideal for adventurers seeking solitude, photographers looking for dramatic landscapes, and travelers eager to connect with authentic Himalayan culture.
Conclusion
The Upper Mustang Trek is one of Nepal’s most extraordinary journeys — a rare opportunity to explore the preserved culture and landscapes of a once-forbidden kingdom. From the windswept cliffs of Dhakmar to the walled city of Lo Manthang, this trek reveals a world where time stands still and spirituality fills the air.
It’s not just a trek — it’s a living museum of Tibetan civilization, a masterpiece of natural beauty, and a life-changing adventure for those who dare to explore beyond the ordinary.
So if you dream of walking through ancient trails, beneath crimson cliffs, and among people who still honor the ways of their ancestors — the Upper Mustang Trek awaits, ready to take you into the heart of Nepal’s hidden kingdom.
